核心工具 是 GNU/Linux 系统基本、基础的工具。本文提供对它们不完整的概览、链接文档并描述有用的替代品。本文的范围包括,但不限于 GNU coreutils。大多数核心工具都是传统的 Unix 工具,它们中的许多已由 POSIX 标准化,但已进一步发展,从而提供更多功能。
大多数命令行界面的文档都在 man page 中,来自 GNU 项目 的工具的文档主要在 Info manual 中,一些 shell 为内置命令提供了 help
命令。另外,大多数命令在使用 --help
标志运行时会显示自身的使用说明。
基础
下表列出了一些 Arch Linux 用户应当熟悉的重要的工具。另请参见 intro(1)。
防止数据损失
rm
、mv
、cp
和 shell 重定向无需确认即可删除或覆盖文件。rm
、mv
和 cp
都支持 -i
标志以在删除/覆盖前提醒用户。一些用户喜欢通过 alias 默认启用 -i
。依赖这些 shell 选项可能很危险,因为你会习惯于它们,从而在你使用没有它们的系统或用户时导致潜在的数据损失。防止数据损失的最好办法是创建备份。
非关键
此表格列出了常常很有用的核心工具。
包 | 工具 | 描述 | 文档 | 替代品 |
---|---|---|---|---|
shell 内置 | ||||
alias | 定义或显示别名 | alias(1p) | ||
type | 打印命令的类型 | type(1p) | command(1p), whereis(1), which(1) | |
time | 记录命令执行时间 | time(1p) | ||
GNU coreutils包 | tee | 读取 stdin,写入 stdout 和文件 | tee(1), info | pee(1) |
mktemp | 创建临时文件或目录 | mktemp(1), info | ||
mknod | create named pipe or device node | mknod(1), mkfifo(1), info | ||
truncate | shrink or extend the size of a file | truncate(1), info | fallocate(1) | |
basenc | encoding input and output it | basenc(1), base64(1), info | ||
cut | 打印选中的行 | cut(1), info | colrm(1), hck包, choose包 | |
tr | 转换或删除字符 | tr(1), info | uconv(1) | |
od | 以 8 进制或其他格式转储文件 | od(1), info | hexdump(1), vim's xxd(1) | |
sort | 给行排序 | sort(1), info | ||
uniq | 报告或忽略重复的行 | uniq(1), info | anewer包, runiqAUR, huniq-gitAUR | |
comm | 逐行比对两个有序的文件 | comm(1), info | zetAUR | |
head | 输出文件的前一部分 | head(1), info | ||
join | join lines of two inputs on a common field | join(1), info | combine(1) zetAUR | |
md5sum | calculate cryptography hash functions of inputs and output | sha256sum(1), sha512sum(1), info | shasum(1), hashdeep(1), rhash(1) | |
tail | output the last part of files, or follow files | tail(1), info | ||
wc | 输出换行、单词和字节数 | wc(1), info | ||
GNU binutils包 | strings | 打印二进制文件中可打印的字符 | strings(1), info | stringsextAUR |
util-linux包 | column | columnate file, optionally pretty-printing in table with grid | column(1) | paste(1), csviewAUR |
GNU findutils包 | xargs | combine or template arguments from stdin to invoke external command | xargs(1) | parallel(1) (parallel_alternatives(7)) |
GNU glibc包 | iconv | 转换字符编码 | iconv(1) | recode包, uconv(1) |
GNU sharutils包 | uudecode | encode file into email friendly text | uuencode(1), uudecode(1), info | uudeview(1) |
file包 | file | 猜测文件类型 | file(1) |
moreutils包 包提供了 GNU coreutils 中没有的有用的工具,例如 sponge(1)。
替代品
Alternative core utilities are provided by the following packages:
- BusyBox — Utilities for rescue and embedded systems.
- Toybox — An all-in-one Linux command line.
- uutils — Cross-platform Rust rewrite of the GNU coreutils.
- Heirloom Toolchest — Traditional implementations of standard Unix utilities.
- 9base — A port of various original Plan9 tools to unix.
- sbase — A suckless variant of the *nix core utilities.
- ubase — An extension of the sbase utilities.
cat 替代品
- bat — 支持语法高亮和 Git 集成的 cat 克隆。
cd 替代品
- zoxide — A smart cd command that learns your habits, allowing you to navigate anywhere in just a few keystrokes.
- autojump — A faster way to navigate your filesystem from the command line.
See also Bash#Auto "cd" when entering just a path and Zsh#Remembering recent directories.
cp 替代品
Using rsync#As cp/mv alternative allows you to resume a failed transfer, to show the transfer status, to skip already existing files and to make sure of the destination files integrity using checksums.
ls 替代品
- broot — A new way to see and navigate directory trees.
- clifm — A file manager that can list files like ls(1) would (plus icons and RGB colors support).
- exa — Another ls replacement with color support, tree view, git integration and other features.
- lsd — Modern ls with a lot of pretty colors and awesome icons.
find 替代品
-
fd — Simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to find. Ignores hidden and
.gitignore
'd files by default.
- fuzzy-find — Fuzzy completion for finding files.
- mlocate — Merging locate/updatedb implementation.
- plocate — A much faster locate.
For graphical file searchers, see List of applications/Utilities#File searching.
diff 替代品
While diffutils包 does not provide a word-wise diff, several other programs do:
-
git diff can do a word diff with
--color-words
, using--no-index
it can also be used for files outside of Git working trees. - cwdiff — A GNU wdiff wrapper that colorizes the output.
- git-delta — A syntax-highlighting pager for git, diff, and grep output.
- dwdiff — A word diff front-end for the diff program; supports colors.
- icdiff — A colorized diff tool written in Python. "Improved color diff" is meant to supplement normal diff use.
- wdiff — A wordwise implementation of GNU diff; does not support colors.
See also List of applications/Utilities#Comparison, diff, merge.
grep 替代品
- mgrep — 多行 grep。
- pdfgrep — 在 PDF 文件中搜索文本的工具。
- ripgrep-all — Search in plain text and also in PDFs, E-Books, Office documents, zip, tar.gz.
- agrep — 近似搜索。
代码搜索工具
以下 3 个工具旨在在代码搜索方面替代 grep。它们默认执行递归搜索、跳过二进制文件并遵守 .gitignore
。
- ack — 基于 Perl 的 grep 替代品,为搜索大量异构的源码树而生。
- ripgrep (rg) — 结合了 ag 的易用性和 grep 的速度。
- The Silver Searcher (ag) — 类似 Ack 的代码搜索工具,不过更快。
- ugrep (ug) — Ultrafast grep with interactive user interface, fuzzy search, boolean queries, hexdumps and more.
交互式过滤器
- fzf — General-purpose command-line fuzzy finder, powered by find by default.
- fzy — A fast, simple fuzzy text selector with an advanced scoring algorithm.
- peco — Simplistic interactive filtering tool.
- percol — Adds flavor of interactive filtering to the traditional pipe concept of the UNIX shell.
- skim — Fuzzy finder written in Rust, similar to fzf.
dd alternatives
Alternative dd implementations
This subsection lists dd implementations whose interface and default behaviour is mostly compliant with the POSIX specification of dd(1p).
- ddpt — A portable rewrite of sg_dd(8) by the SCSI subsystem maintainer of the Linux kernel, with optional but very specialised hardware I/O (SCSI command sets) support, plus many other features.
- sdd — A dd implementation portable across UNIX environments by Joerg Schilling, that can checksum the copied data and retry reading bad blocks.
Spin-offs of GNU dd
The GNU implementation of dd found in coreutils包 also conforms to POSIX. This subsection lists its forks.
- dcfldd — feature-enhanced fork of GNU dd for forensics and security scenarios, includes on-the-fly hashing capability, flexible wipes, write verification, output to multiple targets at the same time, split and piped output.
- dc3dd — Another patched version of GNU dd from the United States Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3), with similar goals and features to dcfldd.
Modernised dd analogues
This subsection lists dd alternatives that do not conform to POSIX (in terms of the JCL-resembling command-line syntax and default behaviour).
- dd_rescue — A feature-packed, modernised dd analogue that is suitable for daily scripting, disk cloning, and data recovery.
- rw — Minimal and portable dd analogue with conventional command-line flags.
- https://sortix.org/rw/ || rwAUR
buffer spin-offs
This subsection lists forks of bufferAUR, a general-purpose I/O buffering utility similar to dd but has a dynamic-sized buffer. It supports blockwise I/O and can be used when dumping from/to an LTO-tape to avoid shoe shining.
- mbuffer — Continuation of the buffer utility with threading and other features.
df alternatives
- duf — A disk usage/free utility.
du alternatives
- dust — A more intuitive version of du, in rust.
- ncdu — Simple ncurses disk usage analyzer.
- gdu — Disk usage analyzer with console interface, written in Go.
See also List of applications/Utilities#Disk usage display.
参阅
- GNU Coreutils 文档
- GNU Coreutils FAQ
- Coreutils Gotchas: GNU coreutils maintainer's notes about some confusing behaviour in coreutils components
- POSIX 工具